Figure 42. THE SIMPLEST FORM OF NOMOGRAM.

plest form, it is somewhat like the lines in Figure 42. If the lines a, b, and с are parallel and equidistant, we know from ordinary geometry, that b = 1/ (a + c). Therefore, if we draw a scale of the same units on all three lines, starting with zero at the bottom, we know that by laying a straight-edge across the chart at any place, it will connect values of a, b, and c, which satisfy the above equation. When any two quantities are known, the third can be found.

If, in the same configuration we used logarithmic scales instead of linear scales, the relation of the quantities would become

log b = 1/2 (log a + log c) or b = -/ac

By using different kinds of scales, different units, and different spacings between the scales, charts can be made to solve many kinds of equations.

If there are more than three variables it is generally necessary to make a double chart, that is, to make the result from the first chart serve as the given quantity of the second one. Such an example is the chart for the design of coils illustrated in Figure 45. This nomogram is used to convert the inductance in microhenries to physical dimensions of the coil and vice versa. A pin and a straight edge are required. The method is shown under R. F. Tank Circuit Calculations later In this chapter.

Polar Coordinates Instead of the Cartesian coordinate system there Is also another system for defining algebraically the location of a point or line in a plane. In this, the polar coordinate system, a point is determined by its distance from the origin, O, and by the angle it makes with the axis O-X. In Figure 43 the point P is defined by the length of OP, known as the radius vector and

RADIUS / VECTOR /

ORIGIN

AXIS

Figure 43. THE LOCATION OF A POINT BY POLAR COORDINATES. In the po/of cootAinnie system ony point (S determined by its distance from the origin and the angle formed by a line drawn from it to the origin and the 0-X axis.

by the angle A the vectorial angle. We give these data in the following form

P = 3 160°

Polar coordinates are used in radio chiefly for the plotting of directional properties of microphones and antennas. A typical example of such a directional characteristic is shown in Figure 44. The radiation of the antenna represented here is proportional to the distance of the characteristic from the origin for every possible direction.

Figure 44. THE RADIATION CURVE OF AN ANTENNA.

Polar coordinates are used principally in radio

work for plotting the direct/onol choraetefii-

tics ot an antenna where the radiation is represented by the distance of the curve from the origin for every possible direction.

Reactance Calculations

In audio frequency calculations, an accuracy to better than a few per cent is seldom required, and when dealing with calculations involving inductance, capacitance, resonant frequency, etc., it is much simpler to make use of reactance-frequency charts such as those in figures 40 and 41 rather than to wrestle with a combination of unwieldy formulas. From these charts it is possible to determine the reactance of a condenser or coil if the capacitance or inductance is known, and vice versa. It follows from this that resonance calculations can be made directly from the chart, because resonance simply means that the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal. The capacity required to resonate with a given inductance, or the inductance required to resonate with a given capacity, can be taken directly from the chart.

While the chart may look somewhat formidable to one not famihar with charts of this type, its application is really quite simple, and can be learned in a short while. The following example should clarify its interpretation.

For instance, following the lines to their intersection, we see that 0.1 by. and 0.1 jufd. intersect at approximately 1,500 cycles and 1,000 ohms. Thus, the reactance of either the coil or condenser taken alone is about 1000 ohms, and the resonant frequency about 1,500 cycles.

To find the reactance of 0.1 by. at, say, 10,000 cycles, simply follow the inductance line diagonally up towards the upper left till it intersects the horizontal 10,000 kc. line. Following vertically downward from the point of intersection, we see that the reactance at this frequency is about 6000 ohms.

To facilitate use of the chart and to avoid errors, simply keep the following in mind: The vertical lines indicate reactance in ohms, the horizontal lines always indicate the frequency, the diagonal lines sloping to the lower right represent inductance, and the diagonal lines sloping toward the lower left indicate capacitance. Also remember that the scale is logarithmic. For instance, the next horizontal line above 1000 cycles is 2000 cycles. Note that there are 9, not 10, divisions between the heavy lines. This also should be kept in mind when interpolating between Unes when best possible accuracy is desired; halfway between the line representing 200 cycles and the line representing 300 cycles is not 250 cycles, but approximately 230 cycles. The 250 cycle point is approximately 0.7 of the way between the 200 cycle line and the 300 cycle line, rather than halfway between.

Use of the chart need not be hmited by the physical boundaries of the chart. For instance, the 10-/i/ifd. line can be extended to find where

it intersects the 100-hy. hne, the resonant frequency being determined by projecting the intersection horizontally back on to the chart. To determine the reactance, the logarithmic ohms scale must be extended.

R. F. Tank When winding coils for use in Circuit radio receivers and transmit-

Calculations ters, it is desirable to be able to determine in advance the full coil specifications for a given frequency. Likewise, it often is desired to determine how much capacity is required to resonate a given coil so that a suitable condenser can be used.

Fortunately, extreme accuracy is not required, except where fixed capacitors are used across the tank coil with no provision for trimming the tank to resonance. Thus, even though it may be necessary to estimate the stray circuit capacity present in shunt with the tank capacity, and to take for granted the likelihood of a small error when using a chart instead of the formula upon which the chart was based, the results will be sufficiently accurate in most cases, and in any case give a reasonably close point from which to start pruning.

The inductance required to resonate with a certain capacitance is given in the chart in figure 41. By means of the r.f. chart , the inductance of the coil can be determined, or the capacitance determined if the inductance is known. When making calculations, be sure to allow for stray circuit capacity, such as tube interelectrode capacity, wiring, sockets, etc. This will normally run from 5 to 25 micro-microfarads, depending upon the components and circuit.

To convert the inductance in microhenries to physical dimensions of the coil, or vice versa, the nomograph chart in figure 41 is used. A pin and a straightedge are required. The inductance of a coil is found as follows:

The straightedge is placed from the correct point on the turns column to the correct point on the diameter-to-length ratio column, the latter simply being the diameter divided by the length. Place the pin at the point on the plot axis column where the straightedge crosses it. From this point lay the straightedge to the correct point on the diameter column. The point where the straightedge intersects the inductance column will give the inductance of the coil.

From the chart, we see that a 30 turn coil having a diameter-to-length ratio of 0.7 and a diameter of 1 inch has an inductance of approximately 12 microhenries. Likewise any one of the four factors may be determined if the other three are known. For instance, to determine the number of turns when the desired in-

Figure 45. COIL CALCULATOR NOMOGRAPH

For single layer solenoid coils, any wire size. See text for instructions.

N OF TURNS

1-400

1-300

I- 200

1-150

100 90 80 70

60

- 50

- 40

30г

H-20

h-15

PLOT INDUCTANCeIN AXIS MICROHENRIES

- 20000

- 10000

- eooo

- eooo

- 4000

- 3000

- 2000 1000

aoo

600

400 -300

I- 200 100

RATIO-

.6N6tH

a - e-

5-4-

40 30

10 8

Ь-г - 1

-.8 -.6

-.4 -.3

-.2 -.1

.4 4

OIAMETER INCHES

bt.5

\-.7S

ductance, the D/L ratio, and the diameter are known, simply work backwards from the example given, In all cases, remember that the straightedge reads either turns and D/L ratio, or it reads inductance and diameter. It can read no other combination.

The actual wire size has negligible effect upon the calculations for commonly used wire sizes (no. 10 to no. 30). The number of turns of insulated wire that can be wound per inch (solid) will be found in a copper wire table.

Significant Figures

In most radio calculations, numbers represent quantities which were obtained by measurement. Since no measurement gives absolute accuracy, such quantities are only approximate and their value is given only to a few significant figures. In calculations, these limitations must be kept in mind and one should not finish for instance with a result expressed in more significant figures than the given quantities at the beginning. This would imply a greater accuracy than actually was obtained and is therefore misleading, if not ridiculous.

An example may make this clear. Many ammeters and voltmeters do not give results to closer than v4 ampere or 1/4 volt. Thus if we have 2у4 amperes flowing in a d.c. circuit at 6У4 volts, we can obtain a theoretical answer by multiplying 2.25 by 6.75 to get 15.1875 watts. But it is misleading to express the answer down to a ten-thousandth of a watt when the original measurements were only good to 1/4 ampere or volt. The answer should be expressed as 15 watts, not even 15.0 watts. If we assume a possible error of Vs volt or ampere (that is, that our original data are only correct to the nearest v4 volt or ampere) the true power lies between 14.078 (product of 21/8 and 6%) and 16.328 (product of 2% and 6%). Therefore, any third significant figure would be misleading as implying an accuracy which we do not have.

Conversely, there is also no point to calculating the value of a part down to 5 or 6 significant figures when the actual part to be used cannot be measured to better than 1 part in one hundred. For instance, if we are going to use \% resistors in some circuit, such as an ohmmeter, there is no need to calculate the value of such a resistor to 5 places, such as 1262.5 ohm. Obviously, 1% of this quantity is over 12 ohms and the value should simply be written as 1260 ohms.

There is a definite technique in handhng these approximate figures. When giving values obtained by measurement, no more figures are

given than the accuracy of the measurement permits. Thus, if the measurement is good to two places, we woifld write, for instance, 6.9 which would mean that the true value is somewhere between 6.85 and 6.95. If the measurement is known to three significant figures, we might write 6.90 which means that the true value is somewhere between 6.895 and 6.905. In dealing with approximate quantities, the added cipher at the right of the decimal point has a meaning.

There is unfortunately no standardized system of writing approximate figures with many ciphers to the left of the decimal point. does not necessarily mean that the quantity is known to 5 significant figures. Some indicate the accuracy by writing 69 x 10 or 690 x 10 etc., but this system is not universally employed. The reader can use his own system, but whatever notation is used, the number of significant figures should be kept in mind.

Working with approximate figures, one may obtain an idea of the influence of the doubtful figures by marking all of them, and products or sums derived from them. In the following example, the doubtful figures have been underlined.

603 34.6 O.t2o

637.720 answer: 638

Multiplication:

654 0.342

1308 2616 1962

654 0.342

19612 26116 11308

223.668 answer: 224 224

It is recommended that the system at the right be used and that the figures to the right of the vertical line be omitted or guessed so as to save labor. Here the partial products are written in the reverse order, the most important ones first.

In division, labor can be saved when after each digit of the quotient is obtained, one figure of the divisor be dropped. Example:

1.28 527 Г673 527

53 Гиб

106 5Г4О 40

I-тплгг-г'тгтг -1

uow-ass T 5cctiuh

UOW-PASS 77 SECTION

r-HI-HI-

HICK-PASl T JtCTtON

misrt-pals TT s6ct10m

FREQUENCY SCALE LOW-PASS HIGH-PASS

0 -

-3.0

VALUES L С

i- -7 . e- -10-

50-70-

ao -

90-(00-

140 200-

300-

-Л -.6 . .7 - .8 -. -t.O

30-= =-3.0

-i.O

-e.o

- 7.0

- e.o

-9.0 -10.0

li.o -го.о

-30.0

С

LOAD RESISTANCE

1200 - 1300 -1400 -liOO -

leoo

1700 -

leoo

Ы ,900-J 2000

и

Z 2500

и

° 3000-

111 y-z

U 4000

k-u.

sooo-

ы eooo-

eooo 9000-10000

. 10000

9000

ООО . 7000

eooo

- 5000 I

111 и z

.4000 и

и <

<

и

3000 5

ь

о

3 *

: - 1J00

о

Courtevy. Pacific Radio Publishing со.

FILTER DESIGN CHART For both Pi-type and T-type Sections

To find L, connect cut-off frequency on (eft-band scale (using left-side scale tor low-pass and right-side scale for fijgh-passj with load On left-hand side ot right-hand scale by means of a tiralght-edge. Then read the value of L from the point where the edge intersects the left side of the center scale. Readings are in henries for frequencies in cycles per second.

To find C, connect cut-off frequency on left-hand scale (using left-side scale fot law-pass and right-side scale for high pass) with the load on the right-hand side of the right-hand scale. Then read the value of С from the point where the straightedge cuts the right side ot the center scale. Readings are in microfarads for frequencies in cycles per second.

For frequencies in kilocycles, С is expressed in thousands of mieromierofarads, L is expressed in millihenries. For frequencies in megacycles, L Is expressed in microhenries and С is expressed in micromicrofarads.

For each tenfold increase In the value ot load resistance multiply L by 70 ond divide С by 10. For each tenfold decrease In frequency multiply L by 10 end multiply С by 10.

INDEX

Acceptor, def. of..................................................92

A.C.-D.C. power supply......................561, 588, 694

Acorn tube......................................................232

A-C V-T voltmeter..............................................724

Adopter, F-M......................................................325

Adapter, mechanical filter..................................535

Admittance, def. of..............................................52

A -frame antenna most....................................448

Air capacitor......................................................359

Air dielectric........................................................32

Air-gap, capacitor..............................................264

Alignment - B.f.o - Filter................................236

Receiver - l-F - R-F..............148,235, 236

Ali-driven antenna..............................................504

Alpha, def. of......................................................93

Alternating current - Amplitude - Average......45

Def. of - Effective value....................41, 45

Generation ................................................42

Impedance - J operator........................47

Ohms lov* - Phase angle....................45, 46

PjJsating - R.M.S.-.......................-..........45

Transformer ..............................................61

Transient ....................................................59

Voltage divider..........................................52

Alternator ............................................................42

Amateur band receiver........................................540

Amoteur frequency bands - licenses..................12

Amateur radio service. The....................................11

Ammeter ............................................................721

Ampere, def. of..............................................22, 23

Ampere-turns ................................................36, 62

Amperite filament regulotor................................552

Amplification factor........................................73, 74

Amplifier - Audio - Cascode..................227, 214

Cathade - Cothode driven............127, 626

Cathode follower......................................134

Class A -A2............................99, 108, 1 18

Class AB - ABI..............................108, 137

Class В....................99, 108, 123, 129, 251

Class С....................................108, 124, 251

Coupling - inductive..............113, 118, 1 23

D.C.........................................................117

Doherty ..................................................298

Driver ...........-..........................................126

Equivalent circuit......................................109

Feedback ................................................129

Grid circuit................................................121

Graunded cathode-Grounded screen 132,629

Grounded grid........132, 1 35, 214, 258, 626

Hi-fi - High mu (д).-...................138, 112

Horizontal - l-F..............................139,210

Kilowatt, general purpose........................635

Linear ....................................138, 286, 620

Loftin-White ............................................118

Mulfi-band linear......................................624

Neutralizotian ........................252, 616, 639

Noise factor..............................................122

Operotionol ............................................199

Pentode ..................................................120

Pi-netwark ..............................................617

Plate efficiency..........................................129

Power..............................................118,610

Printed clrcuil............................................575

Amplifier - Push-pull ............................121, 612

Push-pull tetrode......................................644

R-F - RC........................................121, 109

Response ......................................----------112

R-F - 4CX-1000A..........................213, 640

Summing..............................................201

Terman-V/oodyard ..................................298

Tetrode ....................................................614

Tronsistor ................................................104

Ultra-linear ..............................................142

Vertical ....................................................138

V.h.f. cascode..........................................578

Video ......................................112, 113, 128

Voltage ....................................................110

V/illiamson ..........-...................................140

Amplitude - A.C.................................................45

Distortion - Modulation........109, 282, 647

Analog computers - problems..................195, 200

Angle Of radiation -V.h.f...............411, 460, 478

Anode, def. of - dissipation........................67, 72

Antenna - Adjustment......................................509

All-driven ................................................504

Bandwidth ....................................405, 413

Beam - design chart - 2-element 498, 495

Bidirectionol - Bi-square ..............505, 470

Bobtail ....................................................472

Broadside ..................................--............468

Bruce.............-........................................470

Center-fed ..............................................438

Colinear ..................................................466

Combinations of ....................................475

Construction ....................................448, 506

Corner reflector......................................485

Couplers - mobile ..............454, 520, 524

Coupling systems ....................................451

Cubicol quad -...........-.........-............-.471

Curtain ..................................................468

Delta match ............................................501

Dipole array - broad-band ........465, 435

Directivity ......................................404, 410

Discone ..........................................441, 481

Doublet ..................................................427

Dummy....................................................726

Efficiency ................................................409

Element spacing ....................-.................468

End-effect ....................-...........................406

End-fed - end-fire ................426, 437, 473

Feed systems ..................................428, 498

Franklin arroy ........................................466

Fuchs ......................................................426

Goin, beam ..........................-.............-..495

Gamma match ........................................503

Ground loss............................................409

Ground plane ..........................................431

Hertz -...................-................................426

High frequency type ................................459

Impedance ..............................................408

Intercept, v.h.f.......................................477

Lazy-H................................................ -468

Length - Length-fo-diamefer ratio 405, 406

Long wire ............................-.................461

Maconi ............................................408, 432

Matching systems ..................................442

Antenna - Measurements ................................730

Multee ....................................................440

Multi-band ....................................436, 514

Mutual coupling ....................................475

Parasitic beam ........................................494

Patterns ..........................................404, 460

PtiGsing ......................................,...........466

Polarization ............................................404

Polarization, v.li.f...................................479

Power gain ............................................405

Q ............................................................409

Reacfonce - Resonance ................408, 404

Rliombic ..................................................464

Rofory - Rotary match ..................494, 502

Rotator ....................................................512

Single wire feed ....................................441

Six-shooter ..............................................472

Sleeve ..............................-.....................480

Space conserving ................................. ..434

Stacked ..........................................468, 498

Sterba ....................................................469

Stub adjustment - stub match ........445, 503

T-match ..................................................501

3-element beam-3-element match 603, 488

Triplex ....................................................475

Tuner ......................................................456

Turnstile ..................................................480

Two-band Marconi ..................................438

V-type ....................................................462

Vertical ............................-.....................430

V.h.f.-8-eIement-ground plane ..-488, 481

V.h.f. - helical - horn ................483, 486

V.h.f. nondirectional ................................482

V.h.f. rhombic ........................-...............486

V.h.f. - screen orray - Yagi ........491, 488

W8JK....................................................473

X-orray....................................................469

Yoke match ............................................498

Zepplin ......................................427, 467

Antennascope ....................................................738

Anti-resononce ....................-...............................54

Aquadag ............................................................85

Area, capacitor plate ..........................................33

Arrays, antenna ........................................465, 412

Assumed volfage ............................................52

Atom, def. of - atomic number ........................21

Attenuotian, Bass/Treble ...........-.....................139

Audio - Amplifier ..........................................227

Distortion ................................................135

Equolizer ...........................................139

Feedback loop ........................................141

Filter, SSB ................................-.............333

Frequency, def. of ...................................-42

Hum .................................................-......142

limiters.................-................153, 1 85, 228

Phase Inverter -----...................................115

Phasing network - SSB ................570, 338

Wiring technique ....................................142

Autodyne detector ........................-....................208

Automatic load control, SSB ..............................345

Automatic madulation control ............................648

Automatic volume control ..................................225

Autotronsformer ...........,.........................63, 390

Avalanche voltage ............................................697

В

Bolanced modulator - SSB ............331, 338, 343

Balanced SWR bridge ......................................736

Balanced transmission line meosurements ........734

Bonds, amateur.................................................12

Bondspreod tuning...........................................217

Bandwidth, antenna ................................405, 413

Bondwidth, l-F, graph ........................................534

Bandwidth, modulation ......................................283

Base electrode ....................................................2

Bass suppression, audio ....................................306

Battery bias .--......-............................. .............69

Beam - Design chart - Dimensions ------498, 496

Element spacing ......................................497

Frant-back rotia ..........-...........................496

H-F - 5-element - 2-element ....496, 494

Power tube ..............................................78

Rodiotion resisfonce ................................495

Three element HF - 220 Mc.........496, 603

Beat note ...................... ....................-............208

Beat ascillator ..................................................224

B-H curve ............................................................36

Bias - Battery ..................................................269

Cathode ............................ ...................268

Def. af - cut-off -......-....................-.....73

Grid .....................................-.......-108, 267

Grid leok ........................................112, 268

R-F amplifier ........................................612

Safety ....................................................268

Shift modulator ......-.................................307

Supply, modulator ........-.........................653

Transistor .-.................................-..............96

Bidirectional antenno ..........................-.............505

Bifilar coil ..................................................... -.572

Billboard antenna ............................................477

Binory notation ........................................195, 196

Bishop noise limiter ........................................228

Bi-square ontenno ............................................470

Bistable multivibrator ...............-...................-----102

Bit ...................-.......-........................................196

Blanketing interference ......................................380

Bleeder resistor - sofety ..................27, 709, 395

Blocked grid keying ........... ..............................398

Blocking diodes ........................-.................... ..401

Blocking oscillator ....................102, 155, 189, 190

Bab-tail ontenna ..........-------...............................472

Bombordment, cathode ......................................70

Boost, Bass/Treble .....-......................................139

Break voltage ....................................................203

Bridge measurements ........................................728

Bridge rectifier ...........................-....................-689

Bridge, slide-wire ..........-..............................728

Bridge, SWR ..............-.......-.......................458, 736

Bridge-T oscillator ........-...................................192

Bridge-type vacuum tube voltmeter ....................131

Bridge, Wheatstone --......................................728

Broad band dipole .......-.............................-......435

Broadcast interference ..................................... ..379

Broadside antennas - arrays ..................468, 412

Bruce ontenna ..................................................470

Butterfly circuit ................................................232

Calorimeter ........................................................726

Capacitance - Calculation - definition ....32, 30

Interelectrode .......-..........................76, 106

Neutralizofion .......................-................107

Tank - Stray ................................261, 218

Copacitive coupling .............................-......-.......270

Capacitive reactance ..........................................46

Capacitor - A.C, circuit ..........................--...... -34

Air - Choracteristics ......................359, 358

Breakdown .......-......................................264

Charge ......................................................31

Color code ......................................-.......531

Electrolytic ........................................34, 708

Equalizing ...............................-................34

Filter ..............................................707, 690

Fixed ........................................................30

leakage ....................................................34

low inductance -...................................61 9

Capacitor - Parallel ..........................................33

Q ..............................................................54

Series........................................................33

Temperature coefficient ............................32

Time constant.........................................39

Vacuum - variable vacuum ..........360, 620

Voltage rating ..........................................34

Carrier - Distortion ........................................313

Shift ........................................................284

S.S.B.............................327, 331, 332, 334

Cascode amplifier ~ V.H.F...........Ill, 214, 578

Cathode - Bias .............-..........................108, 268

Coupling - coupled inverter ..........115, 116

Current - Definition ..........................79, 67

Driven amplifier ..............................258, 626

Fallower ..................................................274

Follower amplifier ............................127, 134

Follower driver ..........................-.....659, 662

Follower modulator ..................................290

Keying ....................................................397

Modulation ..............................................297

Cathode ray oscilloscope - tube ............138, 84

Cavity, resonant ................................................232

Cell, V/eston ......................................................24

Center-fed antenna ............................................438

Ceramic dielectric ................................................32

Charge ..................................................22, 23, 30

Chassis layout ..................................................726

Choke, filter ....................................................709

Choke, R-F................................................272, 361

Circuit constants, measurement of ......-.............727

Circuits - Coupled ..........................................123

D.C. - Equivolenf ..............................21, 51

Input loading ........................................122

Limiting ........................................-.....151

Magnetic .................................-................35

Parallel ......................................-...............25

Parasitic ..................................................365

Q..............................................................54

Resonant - Series - Tank ....53, 24, 55, 57

Circulating current ..............................................56

Clamping circuit................................153, 154, 187

Clapp oscillator ................................................241

Class A amplifier, def. of ................................108

Class A2 amplifier ....................-.......................118

Class AB amplifier, def. of................................108

Closs ABI amplifiers .................-............137, 140

Class В omplifiers............108, 123, 1 25, 129, 139

Class В modulator ....................................126, 294

Class B, R-F amplifier ......................................251

Class С amplifiers ................108, 124, 125, 251

Class С bias ...............................................267

Clipper-Amplifier design ........-.........................657

Clipper filter, speech ........................................304

Clipping circuits ......................................151, 185

Clipping, negative peak ....................................648

Clipping, phase shift -----...................................301

Clipping, speech ..............................124, 300, 648

Closed loop feedback .......................................-192

Coaxiol delay line ............................................204

Caaxiol reflectometer ........................................732

Coaxial transmission line ..................................423

Coaxial tuned circuit ........................................232

Code ..............................................................14-20

Code, practice sef ..............................................19

Coefficient of coupling ......................................38

Coefficient, temperature ....................................32

Coercive force ....................................................37

Coil, bifilar ........................................................572

Coil, core loss ....................................................55

Coil, Q.......................................................54, 360

Colinear antenna ................ .................-...........466

Collector electrode ..............................................92

Collins feed system ............................................447

Collins filter .......-.............................................222

Color code, standard ................................531, 532

Colpitts oscillator ..............................................241

Complementary symmetry ..............................97

Complex quantity ................................................49

Component nomencloture graph ......................530

Compound, def. of ..............................................21

Compression, volume ........................................648

Compressor, A.L.C.............................................345

Computers, electronic ........................................194

Conductance, def. of ............................................52

Conduction ..................................................67, 90

Conductivity - Conductor ..................................23

Constant amplitude recording ............................137

Constant current curve ..............................74, 1 27

Consfont-K filter ................................................64

Constant velocity recording ................................136

Constants, vacuum tube ......................................107

Construction, transmitter - VFO............663, 676

Control circuit, mobile......................................525

Control circuit, transmitter ................................391

Conversion conductonce ......................................80

Conversion, frequency, SSB ................................340

Converter stoge ................................................211

Converter, transistor ........................................100

Core loss............................................................55

Corner reflector antenna ..................................485

Corona static ....................................................5 29

Coulomb ........................................................22, 30

Counter e.m.f....................-..................................37

Counting circuits ........................................156, 190

Coupler, directional ..........................................735

Coupling - Copoctive ......................................270

Cathode ..................................................115

Choke ......................................................114

Critical ..............................................57, 218

Direct ......................................................115

Effect of ..................................................56

Impedance - Inductive ................113, 271

Interstage - r-f ............................270, 619

Link ................................................272, 61 1

Magnetic..................................................38

Porosilic ..............................................-.364

R-F feedback ................................-.........275

Systems, antenna .....................-..............451

Transformer ............................................1 1 3

Unity ......................................................271

Criticol coupling ................................................218

Criticol inductonce ............................................686

Crosby modulator ...................-...........-..............590

Cross modulation .........................................-.381

Crossover point ..................................................1 36

Crystal - Current...........................................246

Filter - Lattice filter ..........220, 336, 579

Harmonic ........................................-.......246

Oscillator - Quartz ......................244, 245

Pickup ....................................................137

Cubical quad antenna ......................................471

Current - Alternating ......................................41

Amplification (alpha) ..............................93

Cathode ....................................................79

Circulating - Closed path ..................56, 28

Def. of ........................-...........................22

Effective - Effective (a.c.) ............723, 45

Electrode ................................................106

Induced - Instantaneous ....................42, 44

* Inverse ....................................................693

Measurement ..................................721, 723

Negative screen ......................................641

Peak amplifier ........................................125

Roting, power supply ..............................685

Saturation - Skin effect ..................72, 54

Curtain antenna ..............................................468

Cutoff (alpha) .........-..........................................93

Cutoff bias ............... .....................................73

Cutoff, extended ..............................................287

Cutoff frequency ..................................................64

Cycle ..................................................................41

dArsonvol meter ..............................................721

D.C. omplifier ..................................................1 1 7

D.C. clamping circuit ..........................................187

D.C. power supplies ..........................................684

D.C. restorer - circuit ..............................188, 154

Defector - autodyne - crystal ......................208

Deflection plate ................................................139

Degeneration, transistor ......................................96

Degree, electrical ................................................43

Delay line ..........................................................204

Delta match - antenna - sysfem ....501, 430, 442

Demodulator ....................................................207

Detection, slope .-..............................................210

Detection, synchronous, DSB ..............................353

Detector - Diode ............................................224

Envelope ................................................151

Fremodyne ..............................................210

Gride leak - Impedance - Plate ........224

Product ..........................................237, 352

Ratio ........................................................323

Super-regenerative ..................................209

Deviation, FM - Measurement ................314, 320

Dielectric, ceramic - Constant (K) ........30, 31, 32

Differential keying............................................400

Differentiation, electronic .........-...........-............198

Differentiator (RC) .......-.................................-.59

Digital circuits - computers ..............................195

Digital package................................................204

Diode - A.v.c. ............... .........................225

Blocking .. ...............................................401

Crystal ....................................................234

Def. of .............-...........-..........................71

Detector ..................................................224

Gate .......-................................................204

Limiter ....................................................185

Mixer ......................................................212

Modulator ..............................................332

Semi-conductor ..........................................90

Storage time ............................................103

Voltmeter ................................................724

Dipoles .........-..........................403, 435, 465, 498

Direct current circuits ..........................................21

Directional coupler ............................................735

Directive antennas, H-F ....................................459

Directivity, antenna ...........................-......404, 410

Discharge of capacitor........................................30

Discone antenna ................................-.....441, 481

Discontinuities, transmission line......................425

Discriminator, F-M ..............................................322

Dissipation, anode ..............................................72

Distortion - Amplitude - Frequency ..............109

Audio ......................................................135

Carrier ....................................................313

Harmonic ................................................119

Intermodulation ......................................136

Modulation .....-........................................307

Nonlinear - Phase ......................109, 135

Products, SSB ..........................................344

Tronsient ....................-...........................135

Transistor..................................................98

Divider, frequency ............................................190

Divider, voltage ..................................................26

Doherly amplifier ..............................................298

Dome audio phasing network............................338

Double conversion circuit ....................................215

Double sideband, DSB..............................333, 353

Doubler, frequency ............................................258

Doubler, push-push ..........................................260

Doublet, antenna - multi-wire ................427, 429

Drift transistor....................................................93

Driver, amplifier ................................................126

Driver, cathode follower ..........................659, 662

Duct propagation ..............................................415

Dummy antenna - dummy loods ....................726

Duplex transmission ......................-...................597

Dynamic resistance .........................-....................95

Dynamotor, PE-103 .............-........ ...... 526

Dynatron oscillator ............................................242

Eddy current .....-......-...........................................38

Efficiency, antenna ..........................................409

Electric filters ....................................................63

Electrical energy ................................................29

Electrical potential ..............................................22

Electromognefic deflection ..................................86

Electrolytic capacitor..................................34, 708

Electrolytic conductor ....................................22, 67

Electromagnetism ..............................................-..35

Electromotive farce (e.m.f.) .......................-22, 37

Electron coupled oscillator ..............................-.241

Electron, def. of - drift - orbit ..................67, 21

Electronic computers ..........................................194

Electronic conduction ................................-.........67

Electronic differentiation - integration ............198

Electronic multiplication -----.......................-.....-.198

Electrostatics ..........................-...........................30

Electrostatic deflection - energy ................83, 30

Element, def. of - metallic, non-metallic ----21, 90

Element, reactive, non-reactive ............................21

Emmission equation ..........-.................................70

Emission, photoelectric .....................67

Emission, secondary ....... -.....- ............71, 77

Emission, spurious ....................................-.....-.383

Emission, thermionic .--.............-...........................67

Emitter electrode -............-.....-.....-.....................92

Enclosures..........................................724, 725

End effect, antenna ............................................406

End-fed ontenna .......-..........-.....-..............426, 437

End-fire antennas - orrays ....................473, 412

Energy - Electricol - Electrostatic ..............29, 30

Potential ....................................................30

Storage, capacitor ....................................31

Transistor ..................................................93

ENIAC................................................................195

Envelope, carrier ..............................................282

Envelope detector ..........................................--.-151

Equalizer, audio ............................................ ..139

Equal-tempered scale ........................-...............135

Equivalent circuit ......-.......................-.................51

Equivalent circuit, transistor----- -.................95

Equivalent noise resistance .........................-------123

Error cancellotion, feedback ..............................159

Error signal .....................................-........159, 193

Excitation, grid ................................-...........--252

Exciters, SSB ...............................-..............346, 349

Extended-Zepp antenna ....................................467

Factor of merit ............................-.......................54

Fading ..............................................................418

Farad, def. of ..................-...................................31

Feedback amplifier ............-...............................129

Feedbock, audio ..........................-.................-..141

Feedback circuits ....................-...........................192

Feedbock, control ...........-.................................158

Feedback, error cancellotion..............................159

Feedback, Miller ..................-...........................199

Feedback, R-F ...........................-................274, 615

Feedback, transistor ..........................................101

Feed systems, antenna ..............................428, 498

Feed-through power ..........................................627

Field, magnetic ..................................................35

Filament, def. of ................................................67

Filament reactivation ............................................68

Filament regulator.........................................-----552

Filter - Capacitor ..................................707, 690

Carrier, SSB............................................334

Choke ......................................................709

Circuits, mobile ......................................51 8

Crystal ....................................................220

Crystal lattice - SSB ....................579, 336

Generator, SSB ......................................333

High pass ......................................64, 372

Inductor input ..........................................687

Insertion loss ............................................64

low pass ..........................................64, 376

M-derived ................................................64

Mechanicol ......................................222, 336

Noise ......................................................227

Passband, SSB ........................................336

Q-multiplier ............................................236

Resistance-capacitance-Resononce 687, 688

Ripple factor ..........................................688

Sections - Series - shunt ....................64

TVI, receiver - TVI-type ................372, 64

Wove ......................................................63

Filter-type exciter, SSB ......................................349

Fixed bios -......... -.......................-....................108

Flattop beam antenna ......................................473

Fletcher-Munson curve........................................140

Floating Paraphase inverter ..............................116

Flux, def. of - density ..............................35, 36

Flywheel effect ..........................................57, 259

Folded dipole ............................................429, 498

Forcing function ................................................200

Foster-Seely discriminator .................................322

Franklin antenna ..............................................466

Franklin oscillator.....................-..........-.............243

Free electrons ......................................................-1

Free-running multivibrator ..................................189

Fremodyne detector ............................................210

Frequency ....................................................41, 58

Conversion, SSB ......................................340

Cutoff ........................................................64

Distortion................................................109

Divider ....................................................190

Interruption ............................................209

Maximum useable..................................417

Measurements -............--....................729

Multiplier ................................................25S

Pulse repetition......................................190

Range, hi-fidelity ....................................136

Ratio, Lissojous ........................................144

Resonant ..................................................53

Shift keying ..........................................326

Sound .........-..................................134

Spectrum ....................................................41

Spotter ....................................................730

Standard ..........-.....................................729

Sweep ......................................................140

Frequency Modulation ......................................312

Adapter ..................................................325

Devotion - ratio - index ------------------314

Discriminator ..........................................322

Limiter ....................................................324

Linearity ..................................................318

Narrow band ..........................................315

Pre-emphasis ........-...................................325

Reception ................-.............................321

Front-bock ratio, beom ......................................496

Fuchs antenna ..................................................426

Full-wove limiter................................................230

FuN-wove rectifier ..............................................689

Function generator - non-linear - ramp 202, 203

G, conductance, def. of ......................................52

Gain, antenna - beam ............................461, 495

Gain, power - resistance - voltage ................94

Gammo match, antenna - system ..........503, 444

Gas tube - generator ..............................87, 140

Gate, diode - limiter ............................204, 1 85

Gauss, def. of ......................................................36

Generator noise ......................................528, 740

Generator, sawtooth ..........................................140

Generator, time base ........................................139

Gilbert, def. of ....................................................36

Grid bias ..................................................108, 267

Grid, def. of ......................................................72

Grid excitation ..................................................252

Grid leak bias ..................................109, 1 12, 268

Grid leak detector ............................................224

Grid limiter, limiting ................................153, 187

Grid modulotion ......................................252, 288

Grid neutralization ..........................................253

Grid-screen mu factor ........................................78

Ground bus ..............................................142, 147

Ground currents .......................................-........362

Ground loss, antenna ......................................409

Ground plane antenna - VHF ..............431, 481

Ground resistance ............................................410

Ground, R-F ......................................................362

Ground termination ..........................................433

Ground, transmitter ..........................................394

Ground wove ....................................................414

Grounded-cathode amplifier............... .......-132

Grounded-grid amplifier ....132, 135, 140, 214, 258

Grounded-grid, Class В amplifier ....................139

Grounded-grid r-f amplifier..............................626

Grounded neutrol wiring ..................................565

Grounded-screen r-f amplifier ........................629

Guy wires, antenna ..........................................449

Hairpin coupling ................................................232

Half-wove rectifier ............................................689

Handle-Talkie, 144 Mc..........-........................547

Hormonic - B.f.o.............................................225

Crystal ....................................................246

Def. of ......................................................58

Distortion ................................................119

Music ..........................................-...........135

Oscillator ................................................247

Radiation ................................262, 373, 725

Harmoniker TVI filter ....................................379

Hartley oscillofor ..............................................240

Hash rectifier ............................................679, 694

Heat cycle, resistor .........................................357

Heat sink ..................................................99, 147

Heat sink, transistor ................................576, 707

Heoter cathode ..................................................70

Heising modulation ............................................294

Helical antenna ................................................483

Henry, def. of ..................................................37

Hertz antenna ........-.........................................426

Heterodyne ........................................................208

H-F onfennos....................................................459

High fidelity ..............................................134-138

Interference............................................386

High-pass TVI filter ......................................372

Holes in semi-conductor ......................................91

Horizontal directivity....................................410

Horn antenna, VHF ..........................................466