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1 ... 87 88 89 90 91

interface task 8

software task 8 switched-capacitor muhiquadrant Luo-converters 377-86 switched-inductor muhiquadrant Luo-converters 386-90 switched-reluctance motor drive 648, 1X1-11

control parameters 725

magnetic saturation and nonlinear model 724-5

operating theory 720-4 switches 2-3

examples 3

hardware problem 9

interface problem 12

software problem 10-12

see also specific types switching characteristics, bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 68-9

switching converters 6, 535-6 switching current, ideal 78 switching dc regulator 77 switching devices efficiency 76

general characteristics 78-80

ideal switch 78

need for 76-8

power handhng rating 3

practical switch 78-80

symbols 81

see also specific devices switching functions 10

switching law, shding-mode control 453, 474-5

switching losses 700

switching regulators 494-505

switching trajectory 79

switching waveforms 78, 79

synchronous compensator 601

synchronous converter 220-1

synchronous link reactor 840

synchronous machines, cyhndrical wound motor 806 synchronous motor drives 646-7, 681-9

operating modes 686-8 synchronous rectifier dc/dc Luo-converters 397-8 synchronous reluctance machine vector control 739-43 synchronous reluctance motor drives 727-33 system on chip (SOC) 871 system on package (SOP) 871

TEMPLATE 864, 868

thermal cycling 643

third harmonic booster diodes 804-5

thousand-volt insulation test bench 402

three-level inverter, harmonics elimination method 617-20

three-phase ac/ac voltage controllers 312-15

three-phase bridge rectifier 146-7, 151

three-phase controlled rectifiers 183-210

three-phase converters 50

three-phase cycloconverters

circulating current-free mode operation 319-21 circulating-current mode operation 319-20

three-phase diode rectifiers 144-8

three-phase double-star rectifier with interphase transformer 146

three-phase fuU-wave rectifier 187-8 three-phase half-wave rectifier 183-5 three-phase inter-star rectifier circuit 145-6 three-phase star rectifiers 145-6 three-phase/three-pulse cycloconverter 319 three-phase voltage source inverters 235-41 thyristor-controUed inductor (TCI) 52 thyristor-controUed reactor (TCR) 601-3 thyristor-controUed series compensation (TCSC) 600 thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC) 52, 601 thyristors 27-54, 419-21, 580-1

advanced triggering circuits 418

amphf)ing gate 36

anode shorts 36

apphcations 50

basic structure 28-30

buffer circuits 419-21

cathode shorts 35-6

commutation 173

converter drive 667-8

current-voltage curves 30-1

driver circuits 419-21

dynamic switching characteristics 33-7

edge and surface terminations 31-2

gate circuits 45-6

gate current waveform 46

gate drive requirements 45-7

gate i-v curve 46

gate requirements 407-9

gate trigger circuits 410-27

high-powered 38

high-voltage 31

maximum ratings 37-8

multiceU circuit model containing eight ceUs 49

operation 29

overview 27-8

packaging 32-3

parameters 37-40

snubber circuits 45

static characteristic i-v curve 30

static characteristics 30-3

switching behavior 29

temperature dependencies 37

trigger circuits 409-10

two-transistor behavioral model 29

types 28, 38-45

see also specific types



TMS320C241 766 TMS320C242 766 TMS320C24X 766 TMS320F240 766 TMS320F241 766 torque-controlled drives 736-66 torque production 712-13 total gate charge 108

total harmonic distortion (THD) 152, 196 transformer-isolated gate drive circuit 47 transformer utilization factor (TUF) 143 transients 596, 606-7, 793-4, 822

velocity feedback controller 707-8 transistor-base drive applications 69-71 transistor-base drive circuits 426-7 transistor dc regulator 77 trapezoidal-wave motor 690-1 trigger circuits

resistive 410-11

thyristors 409-10

unijunction transistor-based 415-18 turbo altenator, VAR compensation 611-14 turn-off delay time 108 turn-on delay time 108 12-pulse parallel rectifier 461-5 two-quadrant dc-dc Luo-converter

forward operation 372-4

reverse operation 374-6 two-quadrant switched-capacitor dc/dc Luo-converter 378-80 two-quadrant switched-inductor dc/dc Luo-converter

forward operation 386-8

reverse operation 388-9 two-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converter 402

forward operation 391-2

reverse operation 392-3 two-quadrant ZVS quasi-resonant dc/dc Luo-converters

forward operation 394-5

reverse operation 396-7 two-switch inverter circuit 720

ultra-fast diodes 157, 158

unijunction transistor-based trigger circuit 415-18 uninterruptible power supphes (UPS) 52, 53, 174, 180, 224 unipolar drive circuits 714-15 unipolar PWM technique 232 unity power factor rectifiers 175-82

apphcations 180-1 user requirements 873, 880 utility ac grid 223

VAR compensation 52, 599-627 analysis 603 modeling 603 static circuit 602-3

turbo altenator 611-14 variable-current-variable-frequency control 675-6 variable-frequency converter 51 variable-reluctance motor 712-13

variable-speed constant-frequency (VSCF) system 331, 332

variable-speed drives see VSDs

variable-speed power generation 207-9

variable-voltage variable-frequency control 673-5

variable-voltage variable-frequency inverter 114

vector controls 676-7, 688-9, 837-9

vector drives 736-43

VMOS transistor 134

voltage clamping 23

voltage-controlled PWM rectifier 199

voltage divider dc regulator 76

voltage doubler PWM rectifier 177-8, 180

voltage doubler rectifier, control system 179

voltage-fed resonant ballasts 515-16

voltage-fed resonant inverters 521-5

vohage flicker 821-2

voltage fluctuations 821-2

voltage-hft technique 379

voltage-mode control 221

voltage muhipher 23

voltage ratings 17-18

voltage regulation 601

voltage ripple waveforms 219

voltage sags 818-19

voltage-source current-controlled PWM rectifier 199-201

voltage-source drive 682-3

voltage-source inverters see VSIs

voltage-source load-controlled PWM rectifier 203-4

voltage-source rectifier 197-8

voltage-source voltage-controlled PWM rectifier 201-3 voltage waveform 22 VSDs 629, 735

ac 331-2

advantages 630-1

all-electric ship 659

applications 657-60

communication 651-3

disadvantages 631-3

drive requiremants 633-5

drive specifications 635

historical review 630

topologies 644-50 VSIs 225

feedback techniques 252

feedforward techniques 250-2

linear control 252-3

in rotating coordinates 254

motoring operating mode in three-phase 256-7

multilevel topologies 264

regenerative operating mode in three-phase 257-9



space vector modulation in three-level 266-7 SPWM technique in three-level 264-6 vahd switch states in three-level 264

wind-diesel hybrid systems 565 wind generators 564, 570-1 wind power systems 562-72

basics 562-3

types 564-6 wind turbines 563-4

charge controller 565

control 566-72

fixed-speed 566-8

multiple 571-2

variable-speed 568-70

Yaskawa drive 774

ZC resonant switch 273 Zener breakdown 76 Zener dc regulator 76-7 Zener diode 17, 76, 488

i-v characteristics 77 zero average-current error (ZACE) control 301-3 zero-current switching (ZCS) 273, 275

synchronous rectifier dc/dc Luo-converter 399, 402-4

zero space-vector selection 239, 248 zero-voltage resonant switch 273 zero-voltage switching (ZVS) 273-5, 277-8

clamped vohage 277-8

high-fi-equency applications 275-8

synchronous rectifier dc/dc Luo-converter 399-401 zero-vohage transition (ZVT) 278

converters 282-3



POWER ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK



Academic Press Series in Engineering

/. David Irwin, Auburn University, Series Editor

This is a series that wiU include handbooks, textbooks, and professional reference books on cutting-edge areas of engineering. Also included in this series wiU be single-authored professional books on state-of-the-art techniques and methods in engineering. Its objective is to meet the needs of academic, industrial, and governmental engineers, as weU as to provide instructional material for teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate level.

The series editor, J. David Irwin, is one of the best-known engineering educators in the world. Irwin has been chairman of the electrical engineering department at Auburn University for 27 years.

Published books in the series:

Control of Induction Motors, 2001, A. Trzynadlowski

Embedded Microcontroller Interfacing for McoR Systems, 2000, G. J. Lipovski Soft Computing & Intelligent Systems, 2000, N. K. Sinha, M. M. Gupta Introduction to Microcontrollers, 1999, G. J. Lipovski Industrial Controls and Manufacturing, 1999, E. Kamen DSP Integrated Circuits, 1999, L. Wanhammar Time Domain Electromagnetics, 1999, S. M. Rao

Single- and Multi-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing, 1999, G. J. Lipovski Control in Robotics and Automation, 1999, B. K. Ghosh, N. Xi, and T. J. Tarn



POWER ELECTRONICS

HANDBOOK

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

MUHAMMAD H. RASHID

Ph.D., Fellow lEE, Fellow IEEE Professor and Director

University of Florida/University of West Florida Joint Program and Computer Engineering University of West Florida Pensacola, Florida


ACADEMIC PRESS

A Harcourt Science and Technology Connpany

SAN DIEGO / SAN FRANCISCO / NEW YORK / BOSTON / LONDON / SYDNEY / TOKYO



Contents

Preface............................................................................

List of Contributors...................................................................

1 Introduction Philip Krein.......................................................... 1

1.1 Power Electronics Defined........................................................ 1

1.2 Key Characteristics............................................................. 2

1.3 Trends in Power Supphes........................................................

1.4 Conversion Examples........................................................... 4

1.5 Tools For Analysis and Design..................................................... 7

1.6 Summary................................................................... 1

2 The Power Diode Ali I Maswood..................................................... 15

2.1 Diode as a Switch............................................................. 15

2.2 Some Properties of PN Junction................................................... 15

2.3 Common Diode Types.......................................................... 17

2.4 Typical Diode Ratings.......................................................... 17

2.5 Snubber Circuits for Diode....................................................... 19

2.6 Series and Parallel Connection of Power Diodes......................................... 19

2.7 Typical Apphcations of Diodes.................................................... 23

2.8 Standard Datasheet for Diode Selection.............................................. 23

3 Thyristors Jerry Hudgins, Enrico Santi, Antonio Caiafa, Katherine Lengel, and Patrick R. Palmer........... 27

3.1 Introduction................................................................. 27

3.2 Basic Structure and Operation..................................................... 28

3.3 Static Characteristics........................................................... 0

3.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics.................................................. 33

3.5 Thyristor Parameters........................................................... 37

3.6 Types of Thyristors............................................................ 38

3.7 Gate Drive Requirements........................................................ 45

3.8 PSpice Model................................................................ 47

3.9 Apphcations................................................................. 50

4 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors Muhammad H. Rashid.......................................... 55

4.1 Introduction................................................................. 55

4.2 Basic Structure and Operation..................................................... 55

4.3 GTO Thyristor Models.......................................................... 57

4.4 Static Characteristics........................................................... 57

4.5 Switching Phases.............................................................. 59

4.6 SPICE GTO Model............................................................ 60

4.7 Apphcations................................................................. 1



Power Bipolar Transistors Marcelo Godoy Simoes........................................... 63

5.1 Introduction................................................................. 63

5.2 Basic Structure and Operation..................................................... 64

5.3 Static Characteristics............................................................ 65

5.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics.................................................. 68

5.5 Transistor Base Drive Apphcations................................................... 69

5.6 SPICE Simulation of Bipolar Junction Transistors........................................ 71

5.7 BJT Applications............................................................... 72

The Power MOSFET Issa Batarseh..................................................... 75

6.1 Introduction................................................................. 75

6.2 The Need for Switching in Power Electronic Circuits...................................... 76

6.3 General Switching Characteristics................................................... 78

6.4 The Power MOSFET............................................................ 80

6.5 MOSFET Structure............................................................. 81

6.6 MOSFET Regions of Operation..................................................... 83

6.7 MOSFET PSPICE Model......................................................... 93

6.8 Comparison of Power Devices..................................................... 96

6.9 Future Trends in Power Devices.................................................... 98

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor S. Abedinpom and K. Shenai................................. 101

7.1 Introduction................................................................. 101

7.2 Basic Structure and Operation..................................................... 102

7.3 Static Characteristics............................................................ 104

7.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics.................................................. 105

7.5 IGBT Performance Parameters..................................................... 107

7.6 Gate-Drive Requirements......................................................... 109

7.7 Circuit Models................................................................ HI

7.8 Applications.................................................................. 113

MOS Controlled Thyristors (MCTs) S. Yuvarajan.......................................... 117

8.1 Introduction................................................................. 117

8.2 Equivalent Circuit and Switching Characteristics......................................... 118

8.3 Comparison of MCT and Other Power Devices.......................................... 119

8.4 Gate Drive for MCTs............................................................ 120

8.5 Protection of MCTs............................................................. 120

8.6 Simulation Model of an MCT...................................................... 121

8.7 Generation-1 and Generation-2 MCTs................................................ 121

8.8 N-channel MCT............................................................... 121

8.9 Base Resistance-Controlled Thyristor [14].............................................. 121

8.10 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor [15]...................................................... 122

8.11 Applications of PMCT........................................................... 122

8.12 Conclusions.................................................................. 124

8.13 Appendix.................................................................... 124

Static Induction Devices Bogdan M. Wilamowski........................................... 127

9.1 Introduction................................................................. 127

9.2 Theory of Static Induction Devices.................................................. 127

9.3 Characteristics of Static Induction Transistor............................................ 128

9.4 Bipolar Mode Operation of SI Devices (BSIT)........................................... 130

9.5 Emitters for Static Induction Devices................................................. 130

9.6 Static Induction Diode (SID)...................................................... 131

9.7 Lateral Punch-Through Transistor (LPTT)............................................. 132

9.8 Static Induction Transistor Logic (SITL)............................................... 132

9.9 BJT Saturation Protected by SIT.................................................... 132

9.10 Static Induction MOS Transistor (SIMOS)............................................. 133



9.11 Space-Charge Limiting Load (SCLL)................................................. 134

9.12 Power MOS Transistors......................................................... 134

9.13 Static Induction Thyristor........................................................ 135

9.14 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO).................................................... 136

10 Diode Rectifiers Yim-Shu Lee and Martin H. L Chow....................................... 139

10.1 Introduction................................................................ 139

10.2 Single-Phase Diode Rectifiers..................................................... 139

10.3 Three-Phase Diode Rectifiers..................................................... 144

10.4 Poly-Phase Diode Rectifiers...................................................... 148

10.5 Filtering Systems in Rectifier Circuits............................................... 150

10.6 FLigh-Frequency Diode Rectifier Circuits............................................. 154

11 Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers Jose Rodriguez and Alejandro Weinstein......................... 169

11.1 Line Commutated Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers..................................... 169

11.2 Unity Power Factor Single-Phase Rectifiers............................................ 175

12 Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers Juan W. Dixon.......................................... 183

12.1 Introduction................................................................ 183

12.2 Line-Commutated Controlled Rectifiers.............................................. 183

12.3 Force-Commutated Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers.................................... 196

13 DC-DC Converters Dariusz Czarkowski................................................. 211

13.1 Introduction................................................................ 211

13.2 DC Choppers............................................................... 212

13.3 Step-Down (Buck) Converter..................................................... 213

13.4 Step-Up (Boost) Converter...................................................... 215

13.5 Buck-Boo St Converter.......................................................... 216

13.6 Cuk Converter............................................................... 218

13.7 Effects of Parasitics............................................................ 218

13.8 Synchronous and Bidirectional Converters............................................ 220

13.9 Control Principles............................................................ 221

13.10 Applications of DC-DC Converters................................................. 223

14 Inverters Jose R. Espinoza.......................................................... 225

14.1 Introduction................................................................ 225

14.2 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters............................................... 227

14.3 Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters............................................... 235

14.4 Current Source Inverters........................................................ 241

14.5 Closed-Loop Operation of Inverters................................................ 250

14.6 Regeneration in Inverters....................................................... 256

14.7 Multistage Inverters........................................................... 260

14.8 Acknowledgments............................................................ 267

15 Resonant and Soft-Switching Converters S. Y. (Ron) Hui and Henry S. H. Chung.................... 271

15.1 Introduction................................................................ 271

15.2 Classification................................................................ 272

15.3 Resonant Switch............................................................. 272

15.4 Quasi-Resonant Converters...................................................... 273

15.5 ZVS in FLigh-Frequency Applications............................................... 275

15.6 Multiresonant Converters (MRC).................................................. 280

15.7 Zero-Voltage-Transition (ZVT) Converters............................................ 282

15.8 Nondissipative Active Clamp Network............................................... 283

15.9 Load Resonant Converters....................................................... 284

15.10 Control Circuits for Resonant Converters............................................ 287

15.11 Extended-Period Quasi-Resonant (EP-QR) Converters.................................... 289

15.12 Soft-Switching and EMI Suppression................................................ 293

15.13 Snubbers and Soft-Switching for FLigh Power Devices.................................... 293



viii Contents

15.14 Soft-Switching DC-AC Power Inverters............................................... 294

16 AC-AC Converters Ajit K. Chattopadhyay................................................ 307

16.1 Introduction................................................................. 307

16.2 Single-Phase AC/AC Voltage Controller.............................................. 307

16.3 Three-Phase AC/AC Voltage Controllers.............................................. 312

16.4 Cycloconverters............................................................... 316

16.5 Matrix Converter.............................................................. 327

16.6 Apphcations of AC/AC Converters.................................................. 331

17 DC/DC Conversion Technique and Nine Series LUO-Converters Fang Lin Luo, Hong Ye,

and Muhammad H. Rashid........................................................... 335

17.1 Introduction................................................................. 335

17.2 Positive Ouput Luo-Converters.................................................... 337

17.3 Negative Ouput Luo-Converters................................................... 353

17.4 Double Output Luo-Converters.................................................... 359

17.5 Multiple-Quadrant Operating Luo-Converters.......................................... 372

17.6 Switched-Capacitor Multiquadrant Luo-Converters....................................... 377

17.7 Switched-Inductor Multiquadrant Luo-Converters....................................... 386

17.8 Multiquadrant ZCS Quasi-Resonant Luo-Converters...................................... 390

17.9 Muhiquadrant ZVS Quasi-Resonant Luo-Converters...................................... 394

17.10 Synchronous Rectifier DC/DC Luo-Converters......................................... 397

17.11 Gate Control, Luo-Resonator..................................................... 401

17.12 Applications................................................................. 402

18 Gate Drive Circuits M. Syed J. Asghar.................................................. 407

18.1 Introduction................................................................. 407

18.2 Thyristor Gate Requirements...................................................... 407

18.3 Trigger Circuits for Thyristors..................................................... 409

18.4 Simple Gate Trigger Circuits for Thyristors............................................ 410

18.5 Drivers for Gate Commutation Switches.............................................. 422

18.6 Some Practical Driver Circuits..................................................... 427

19 Control Methods for Power Converters /. Fernando Silva..................................... 431

19.1 Introduction................................................................. 431

19.2 Power Converter Control using State-Space Averaged Models................................ 432

19.3 Shding-Mode Control of Power Converters............................................ 450

19.4 Fuzzy Logic Control of Power Converters............................................. 481

19.5 Conclusions................................................................. 484

20 Power Supplies Y M. Lai........................................................... 487

20.1 Introduction................................................................. 487

20.2 Linear Series Vohage Regulator.................................................... 488

20.3 Linear Shunt Vohage Regulator.................................................... 491

20.4 Integrated Circuit Vohage Regulators................................................ 492

20.5 Switching Regulators........................................................... 494

21 Electronic Ballasts /. Marcos Alonso.................................................... 507

21.1 Introduction................................................................. 507

21.2 High-Frequency Supply of Discharge Lamps........................................... 513

21.3 Discharge Lamp Modeling....................................................... 516

21.4 Resonant Inverters for Electronic Ballasts............................................. 519

21.5 High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballasts............................................... 527

21.6 Applications................................................................. 529

22 Power Electronics in Capacitor Charging Applications R. Mark Nelms............................ 533

22.1 Introduction................................................................. 533

22.2 High-Voltage dc Power Supply with Charging Resistor.................................... 533




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