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Главная » Журналы » Metal oxide semiconductor 1 ... 87 88 89 90 91 interface task 8 software task 8 switched-capacitor muhiquadrant Luo-converters 377-86 switched-inductor muhiquadrant Luo-converters 386-90 switched-reluctance motor drive 648, 1X1-11 control parameters 725 magnetic saturation and nonlinear model 724-5 operating theory 720-4 switches 2-3 examples 3 hardware problem 9 interface problem 12 software problem 10-12 see also specific types switching characteristics, bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 68-9 switching converters 6, 535-6 switching current, ideal 78 switching dc regulator 77 switching devices efficiency 76 general characteristics 78-80 ideal switch 78 need for 76-8 power handhng rating 3 practical switch 78-80 symbols 81 see also specific devices switching functions 10 switching law, shding-mode control 453, 474-5 switching losses 700 switching regulators 494-505 switching trajectory 79 switching waveforms 78, 79 synchronous compensator 601 synchronous converter 220-1 synchronous link reactor 840 synchronous machines, cyhndrical wound motor 806 synchronous motor drives 646-7, 681-9 operating modes 686-8 synchronous rectifier dc/dc Luo-converters 397-8 synchronous reluctance machine vector control 739-43 synchronous reluctance motor drives 727-33 system on chip (SOC) 871 system on package (SOP) 871 TEMPLATE 864, 868 thermal cycling 643 third harmonic booster diodes 804-5 thousand-volt insulation test bench 402 three-level inverter, harmonics elimination method 617-20 three-phase ac/ac voltage controllers 312-15 three-phase bridge rectifier 146-7, 151 three-phase controlled rectifiers 183-210 three-phase converters 50 three-phase cycloconverters circulating current-free mode operation 319-21 circulating-current mode operation 319-20 three-phase diode rectifiers 144-8 three-phase double-star rectifier with interphase transformer 146 three-phase fuU-wave rectifier 187-8 three-phase half-wave rectifier 183-5 three-phase inter-star rectifier circuit 145-6 three-phase star rectifiers 145-6 three-phase/three-pulse cycloconverter 319 three-phase voltage source inverters 235-41 thyristor-controUed inductor (TCI) 52 thyristor-controUed reactor (TCR) 601-3 thyristor-controUed series compensation (TCSC) 600 thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC) 52, 601 thyristors 27-54, 419-21, 580-1 advanced triggering circuits 418 amphf)ing gate 36 anode shorts 36 apphcations 50 basic structure 28-30 buffer circuits 419-21 cathode shorts 35-6 commutation 173 converter drive 667-8 current-voltage curves 30-1 driver circuits 419-21 dynamic switching characteristics 33-7 edge and surface terminations 31-2 gate circuits 45-6 gate current waveform 46 gate drive requirements 45-7 gate i-v curve 46 gate requirements 407-9 gate trigger circuits 410-27 high-powered 38 high-voltage 31 maximum ratings 37-8 multiceU circuit model containing eight ceUs 49 operation 29 overview 27-8 packaging 32-3 parameters 37-40 snubber circuits 45 static characteristic i-v curve 30 static characteristics 30-3 switching behavior 29 temperature dependencies 37 trigger circuits 409-10 two-transistor behavioral model 29 types 28, 38-45 see also specific types TMS320C241 766 TMS320C242 766 TMS320C24X 766 TMS320F240 766 TMS320F241 766 torque-controlled drives 736-66 torque production 712-13 total gate charge 108 total harmonic distortion (THD) 152, 196 transformer-isolated gate drive circuit 47 transformer utilization factor (TUF) 143 transients 596, 606-7, 793-4, 822 velocity feedback controller 707-8 transistor-base drive applications 69-71 transistor-base drive circuits 426-7 transistor dc regulator 77 trapezoidal-wave motor 690-1 trigger circuits resistive 410-11 thyristors 409-10 unijunction transistor-based 415-18 turbo altenator, VAR compensation 611-14 turn-off delay time 108 turn-on delay time 108 12-pulse parallel rectifier 461-5 two-quadrant dc-dc Luo-converter forward operation 372-4 reverse operation 374-6 two-quadrant switched-capacitor dc/dc Luo-converter 378-80 two-quadrant switched-inductor dc/dc Luo-converter forward operation 386-8 reverse operation 388-9 two-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converter 402 forward operation 391-2 reverse operation 392-3 two-quadrant ZVS quasi-resonant dc/dc Luo-converters forward operation 394-5 reverse operation 396-7 two-switch inverter circuit 720 ultra-fast diodes 157, 158 unijunction transistor-based trigger circuit 415-18 uninterruptible power supphes (UPS) 52, 53, 174, 180, 224 unipolar drive circuits 714-15 unipolar PWM technique 232 unity power factor rectifiers 175-82 apphcations 180-1 user requirements 873, 880 utility ac grid 223 VAR compensation 52, 599-627 analysis 603 modeling 603 static circuit 602-3 turbo altenator 611-14 variable-current-variable-frequency control 675-6 variable-frequency converter 51 variable-reluctance motor 712-13 variable-speed constant-frequency (VSCF) system 331, 332 variable-speed drives see VSDs variable-speed power generation 207-9 variable-voltage variable-frequency control 673-5 variable-voltage variable-frequency inverter 114 vector controls 676-7, 688-9, 837-9 vector drives 736-43 VMOS transistor 134 voltage clamping 23 voltage-controlled PWM rectifier 199 voltage divider dc regulator 76 voltage doubler PWM rectifier 177-8, 180 voltage doubler rectifier, control system 179 voltage-fed resonant ballasts 515-16 voltage-fed resonant inverters 521-5 vohage flicker 821-2 voltage fluctuations 821-2 voltage-hft technique 379 voltage-mode control 221 voltage muhipher 23 voltage ratings 17-18 voltage regulation 601 voltage ripple waveforms 219 voltage sags 818-19 voltage-source current-controlled PWM rectifier 199-201 voltage-source drive 682-3 voltage-source inverters see VSIs voltage-source load-controlled PWM rectifier 203-4 voltage-source rectifier 197-8 voltage-source voltage-controlled PWM rectifier 201-3 voltage waveform 22 VSDs 629, 735 ac 331-2 advantages 630-1 all-electric ship 659 applications 657-60 communication 651-3 disadvantages 631-3 drive requiremants 633-5 drive specifications 635 historical review 630 topologies 644-50 VSIs 225 feedback techniques 252 feedforward techniques 250-2 linear control 252-3 in rotating coordinates 254 motoring operating mode in three-phase 256-7 multilevel topologies 264 regenerative operating mode in three-phase 257-9 space vector modulation in three-level 266-7 SPWM technique in three-level 264-6 vahd switch states in three-level 264 wind-diesel hybrid systems 565 wind generators 564, 570-1 wind power systems 562-72 basics 562-3 types 564-6 wind turbines 563-4 charge controller 565 control 566-72 fixed-speed 566-8 multiple 571-2 variable-speed 568-70 Yaskawa drive 774 ZC resonant switch 273 Zener breakdown 76 Zener dc regulator 76-7 Zener diode 17, 76, 488 i-v characteristics 77 zero average-current error (ZACE) control 301-3 zero-current switching (ZCS) 273, 275 synchronous rectifier dc/dc Luo-converter 399, 402-4 zero space-vector selection 239, 248 zero-voltage resonant switch 273 zero-voltage switching (ZVS) 273-5, 277-8 clamped vohage 277-8 high-fi-equency applications 275-8 synchronous rectifier dc/dc Luo-converter 399-401 zero-vohage transition (ZVT) 278 converters 282-3 POWER ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK Academic Press Series in Engineering /. David Irwin, Auburn University, Series Editor This is a series that wiU include handbooks, textbooks, and professional reference books on cutting-edge areas of engineering. Also included in this series wiU be single-authored professional books on state-of-the-art techniques and methods in engineering. Its objective is to meet the needs of academic, industrial, and governmental engineers, as weU as to provide instructional material for teaching at both the undergraduate and graduate level. The series editor, J. David Irwin, is one of the best-known engineering educators in the world. Irwin has been chairman of the electrical engineering department at Auburn University for 27 years. Published books in the series: Control of Induction Motors, 2001, A. Trzynadlowski Embedded Microcontroller Interfacing for McoR Systems, 2000, G. J. Lipovski Soft Computing & Intelligent Systems, 2000, N. K. Sinha, M. M. Gupta Introduction to Microcontrollers, 1999, G. J. Lipovski Industrial Controls and Manufacturing, 1999, E. Kamen DSP Integrated Circuits, 1999, L. Wanhammar Time Domain Electromagnetics, 1999, S. M. Rao Single- and Multi-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing, 1999, G. J. Lipovski Control in Robotics and Automation, 1999, B. K. Ghosh, N. Xi, and T. J. Tarn POWER ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK EDITOR-IN-CHIEF MUHAMMAD H. RASHID Ph.D., Fellow lEE, Fellow IEEE Professor and Director University of Florida/University of West Florida Joint Program and Computer Engineering University of West Florida Pensacola, Florida ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Connpany SAN DIEGO / SAN FRANCISCO / NEW YORK / BOSTON / LONDON / SYDNEY / TOKYO Contents Preface............................................................................ List of Contributors................................................................... 1 Introduction Philip Krein.......................................................... 1 1.1 Power Electronics Defined........................................................ 1 1.2 Key Characteristics............................................................. 2 1.3 Trends in Power Supphes........................................................ 1.4 Conversion Examples........................................................... 4 1.5 Tools For Analysis and Design..................................................... 7 1.6 Summary................................................................... 1 2 The Power Diode Ali I Maswood..................................................... 15 2.1 Diode as a Switch............................................................. 15 2.2 Some Properties of PN Junction................................................... 15 2.3 Common Diode Types.......................................................... 17 2.4 Typical Diode Ratings.......................................................... 17 2.5 Snubber Circuits for Diode....................................................... 19 2.6 Series and Parallel Connection of Power Diodes......................................... 19 2.7 Typical Apphcations of Diodes.................................................... 23 2.8 Standard Datasheet for Diode Selection.............................................. 23 3 Thyristors Jerry Hudgins, Enrico Santi, Antonio Caiafa, Katherine Lengel, and Patrick R. Palmer........... 27 3.1 Introduction................................................................. 27 3.2 Basic Structure and Operation..................................................... 28 3.3 Static Characteristics........................................................... 0 3.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics.................................................. 33 3.5 Thyristor Parameters........................................................... 37 3.6 Types of Thyristors............................................................ 38 3.7 Gate Drive Requirements........................................................ 45 3.8 PSpice Model................................................................ 47 3.9 Apphcations................................................................. 50 4 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors Muhammad H. Rashid.......................................... 55 4.1 Introduction................................................................. 55 4.2 Basic Structure and Operation..................................................... 55 4.3 GTO Thyristor Models.......................................................... 57 4.4 Static Characteristics........................................................... 57 4.5 Switching Phases.............................................................. 59 4.6 SPICE GTO Model............................................................ 60 4.7 Apphcations................................................................. 1 Power Bipolar Transistors Marcelo Godoy Simoes........................................... 63 5.1 Introduction................................................................. 63 5.2 Basic Structure and Operation..................................................... 64 5.3 Static Characteristics............................................................ 65 5.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics.................................................. 68 5.5 Transistor Base Drive Apphcations................................................... 69 5.6 SPICE Simulation of Bipolar Junction Transistors........................................ 71 5.7 BJT Applications............................................................... 72 The Power MOSFET Issa Batarseh..................................................... 75 6.1 Introduction................................................................. 75 6.2 The Need for Switching in Power Electronic Circuits...................................... 76 6.3 General Switching Characteristics................................................... 78 6.4 The Power MOSFET............................................................ 80 6.5 MOSFET Structure............................................................. 81 6.6 MOSFET Regions of Operation..................................................... 83 6.7 MOSFET PSPICE Model......................................................... 93 6.8 Comparison of Power Devices..................................................... 96 6.9 Future Trends in Power Devices.................................................... 98 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor S. Abedinpom and K. Shenai................................. 101 7.1 Introduction................................................................. 101 7.2 Basic Structure and Operation..................................................... 102 7.3 Static Characteristics............................................................ 104 7.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics.................................................. 105 7.5 IGBT Performance Parameters..................................................... 107 7.6 Gate-Drive Requirements......................................................... 109 7.7 Circuit Models................................................................ HI 7.8 Applications.................................................................. 113 MOS Controlled Thyristors (MCTs) S. Yuvarajan.......................................... 117 8.1 Introduction................................................................. 117 8.2 Equivalent Circuit and Switching Characteristics......................................... 118 8.3 Comparison of MCT and Other Power Devices.......................................... 119 8.4 Gate Drive for MCTs............................................................ 120 8.5 Protection of MCTs............................................................. 120 8.6 Simulation Model of an MCT...................................................... 121 8.7 Generation-1 and Generation-2 MCTs................................................ 121 8.8 N-channel MCT............................................................... 121 8.9 Base Resistance-Controlled Thyristor [14].............................................. 121 8.10 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor [15]...................................................... 122 8.11 Applications of PMCT........................................................... 122 8.12 Conclusions.................................................................. 124 8.13 Appendix.................................................................... 124 Static Induction Devices Bogdan M. Wilamowski........................................... 127 9.1 Introduction................................................................. 127 9.2 Theory of Static Induction Devices.................................................. 127 9.3 Characteristics of Static Induction Transistor............................................ 128 9.4 Bipolar Mode Operation of SI Devices (BSIT)........................................... 130 9.5 Emitters for Static Induction Devices................................................. 130 9.6 Static Induction Diode (SID)...................................................... 131 9.7 Lateral Punch-Through Transistor (LPTT)............................................. 132 9.8 Static Induction Transistor Logic (SITL)............................................... 132 9.9 BJT Saturation Protected by SIT.................................................... 132 9.10 Static Induction MOS Transistor (SIMOS)............................................. 133 9.11 Space-Charge Limiting Load (SCLL)................................................. 134 9.12 Power MOS Transistors......................................................... 134 9.13 Static Induction Thyristor........................................................ 135 9.14 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO).................................................... 136 10 Diode Rectifiers Yim-Shu Lee and Martin H. L Chow....................................... 139 10.1 Introduction................................................................ 139 10.2 Single-Phase Diode Rectifiers..................................................... 139 10.3 Three-Phase Diode Rectifiers..................................................... 144 10.4 Poly-Phase Diode Rectifiers...................................................... 148 10.5 Filtering Systems in Rectifier Circuits............................................... 150 10.6 FLigh-Frequency Diode Rectifier Circuits............................................. 154 11 Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers Jose Rodriguez and Alejandro Weinstein......................... 169 11.1 Line Commutated Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers..................................... 169 11.2 Unity Power Factor Single-Phase Rectifiers............................................ 175 12 Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers Juan W. Dixon.......................................... 183 12.1 Introduction................................................................ 183 12.2 Line-Commutated Controlled Rectifiers.............................................. 183 12.3 Force-Commutated Three-Phase Controlled Rectifiers.................................... 196 13 DC-DC Converters Dariusz Czarkowski................................................. 211 13.1 Introduction................................................................ 211 13.2 DC Choppers............................................................... 212 13.3 Step-Down (Buck) Converter..................................................... 213 13.4 Step-Up (Boost) Converter...................................................... 215 13.5 Buck-Boo St Converter.......................................................... 216 13.6 Cuk Converter............................................................... 218 13.7 Effects of Parasitics............................................................ 218 13.8 Synchronous and Bidirectional Converters............................................ 220 13.9 Control Principles............................................................ 221 13.10 Applications of DC-DC Converters................................................. 223 14 Inverters Jose R. Espinoza.......................................................... 225 14.1 Introduction................................................................ 225 14.2 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters............................................... 227 14.3 Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters............................................... 235 14.4 Current Source Inverters........................................................ 241 14.5 Closed-Loop Operation of Inverters................................................ 250 14.6 Regeneration in Inverters....................................................... 256 14.7 Multistage Inverters........................................................... 260 14.8 Acknowledgments............................................................ 267 15 Resonant and Soft-Switching Converters S. Y. (Ron) Hui and Henry S. H. Chung.................... 271 15.1 Introduction................................................................ 271 15.2 Classification................................................................ 272 15.3 Resonant Switch............................................................. 272 15.4 Quasi-Resonant Converters...................................................... 273 15.5 ZVS in FLigh-Frequency Applications............................................... 275 15.6 Multiresonant Converters (MRC).................................................. 280 15.7 Zero-Voltage-Transition (ZVT) Converters............................................ 282 15.8 Nondissipative Active Clamp Network............................................... 283 15.9 Load Resonant Converters....................................................... 284 15.10 Control Circuits for Resonant Converters............................................ 287 15.11 Extended-Period Quasi-Resonant (EP-QR) Converters.................................... 289 15.12 Soft-Switching and EMI Suppression................................................ 293 15.13 Snubbers and Soft-Switching for FLigh Power Devices.................................... 293 viii Contents 15.14 Soft-Switching DC-AC Power Inverters............................................... 294 16 AC-AC Converters Ajit K. Chattopadhyay................................................ 307 16.1 Introduction................................................................. 307 16.2 Single-Phase AC/AC Voltage Controller.............................................. 307 16.3 Three-Phase AC/AC Voltage Controllers.............................................. 312 16.4 Cycloconverters............................................................... 316 16.5 Matrix Converter.............................................................. 327 16.6 Apphcations of AC/AC Converters.................................................. 331 17 DC/DC Conversion Technique and Nine Series LUO-Converters Fang Lin Luo, Hong Ye, and Muhammad H. Rashid........................................................... 335 17.1 Introduction................................................................. 335 17.2 Positive Ouput Luo-Converters.................................................... 337 17.3 Negative Ouput Luo-Converters................................................... 353 17.4 Double Output Luo-Converters.................................................... 359 17.5 Multiple-Quadrant Operating Luo-Converters.......................................... 372 17.6 Switched-Capacitor Multiquadrant Luo-Converters....................................... 377 17.7 Switched-Inductor Multiquadrant Luo-Converters....................................... 386 17.8 Multiquadrant ZCS Quasi-Resonant Luo-Converters...................................... 390 17.9 Muhiquadrant ZVS Quasi-Resonant Luo-Converters...................................... 394 17.10 Synchronous Rectifier DC/DC Luo-Converters......................................... 397 17.11 Gate Control, Luo-Resonator..................................................... 401 17.12 Applications................................................................. 402 18 Gate Drive Circuits M. Syed J. Asghar.................................................. 407 18.1 Introduction................................................................. 407 18.2 Thyristor Gate Requirements...................................................... 407 18.3 Trigger Circuits for Thyristors..................................................... 409 18.4 Simple Gate Trigger Circuits for Thyristors............................................ 410 18.5 Drivers for Gate Commutation Switches.............................................. 422 18.6 Some Practical Driver Circuits..................................................... 427 19 Control Methods for Power Converters /. Fernando Silva..................................... 431 19.1 Introduction................................................................. 431 19.2 Power Converter Control using State-Space Averaged Models................................ 432 19.3 Shding-Mode Control of Power Converters............................................ 450 19.4 Fuzzy Logic Control of Power Converters............................................. 481 19.5 Conclusions................................................................. 484 20 Power Supplies Y M. Lai........................................................... 487 20.1 Introduction................................................................. 487 20.2 Linear Series Vohage Regulator.................................................... 488 20.3 Linear Shunt Vohage Regulator.................................................... 491 20.4 Integrated Circuit Vohage Regulators................................................ 492 20.5 Switching Regulators........................................................... 494 21 Electronic Ballasts /. Marcos Alonso.................................................... 507 21.1 Introduction................................................................. 507 21.2 High-Frequency Supply of Discharge Lamps........................................... 513 21.3 Discharge Lamp Modeling....................................................... 516 21.4 Resonant Inverters for Electronic Ballasts............................................. 519 21.5 High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballasts............................................... 527 21.6 Applications................................................................. 529 22 Power Electronics in Capacitor Charging Applications R. Mark Nelms............................ 533 22.1 Introduction................................................................. 533 22.2 High-Voltage dc Power Supply with Charging Resistor.................................... 533 1 ... 87 88 89 90 91 |
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